Ecology and Ethology

Behavioral Ecology group, established and directed by Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Çamlıtepe, has been performing behavioral experiments on ants in nature and laboratory conditions. Laboratory studies are performed in “Behavioral Ecology Laboratory” in Biology Department of Faculty of Science. The laboratory consists of an office room, a dark room, an illumination cabinet and animal monitoring  room equipped with a wide variety of experimental apparatus used in experiments on magnetic sensitivities, colour vision abilities, eye optics, visual cue use and olfactorial senses of ants. There exist also a climate room in which live ant specimens are reared. The field studies focuses on determination of daily activation rhythms of ants with particular attention to abiotic and biotic factors affecting these rhythms. A recent conservation study is being performed to determine distributional range and ecological preferences of the European Red Wood ant (Formica pratensis) in Thrace Region to define a conservation plan for the species in the region (TÜBİTAK Project No: 212T118). The group also focuses on studies on inter-specific aggression in ants. A huge amount of data were obtained in natural and laboratory aggression levels between different colonies of F. pratensis and mitochondrial DNA analysis studies are carried on to determine how aggression in this species are affected by the level of genetic relationships between different colonies.

The internal conditions of the controlled climate room allow different ant species to be kept alive for 12 months and these ants are used in different experimental paradigms. The illumination cabinet and animal monitoring room are equipped with light boxes providing special illumination conditions resembling daylight, Y-mazes designed by us and produced by MAY Animal Behavior Systems and with an Ethovision XT animal monitoring system. Light boxes and Y-mazes are used in experiments testing visual learning abilities of ants. The behavioral outcomes of test ants are transferred to digital media by the Ethovision XT system and analyzed. The dark room is designed for colour vision experiments in which special designed light boxes and bandpass colored filters are used. This part of the laboratory also has RPS-900 model spectroradiometer used in optic measurements.

European Red Wood Ant Formica pratensis Conservation Plan in Thrace Region;

The European Red Wood ant, F. pratensis was listed in “vulnerable” category according to IUCN data in 1996. However, IUCN no lists the species in near threatened” category since no update was done for the position of the species since then and announces that a recent update is urgently needed. Recent studies showed that the number of colonies of the species in Balkans showed a remarkable decline. F. pratensis is extinct in Britain and thus the other wood ant F. rufa has been protected here with laws. F. pratensis was given a special conservation statues with laws in Germany, Scotland, Switzerland and Holland and it is reported as to be “vulnerable” in Belgium. The current distributional range and status of the species in Turkey is not known and thus no conservation plan has been considered so far. Our findings in Thrace Region showed that the colonies of the species in the region are under a fast extinction pressure. Therefore, our group is carrying out a project to determine the colony inventory of F. pratensis in Thrace Region in order to define a conservation plan. The project is financially supported by TUBİTAK (Project No: 212T118) and we have determined so far 87 F. pratensis colonies in the region, particularly in northern parts.    

More recently, Prof. Dr. Yılmaz ÇAMLITEPE has been involved in a cross-border IPA project as project manager in collaboration with DAYKO Wildlife Conservation Foundation (Lead Partner Organization) and Europe and We Association (Project Partner in Bulgaria).

CB005.2.12.012 nolu " Joint initiatives for the conservation of zonal European red wood ants facing the danger of extinction "

European red wood ants Formica pratensis is mainly distributed in the cross-border areas of Turkey and Bulgaria, especially along the Strandzha mountains Bourgas and Kirklareli. Relatively large number of Lymantria dispar caterpillars (European Gypsy Moth, also called smokeless fire) heavily destroy the oak forests which is the main vegetation of Strandja mountains. European red wood ants are predators and good biological control agents on this destructive moth and therefore proliferation of ant nests will provide significant contributions for forest health. On the other hand, recent studies, particularly conducted in Turkey, indicate that European red wood ants are under serious threat and may face extinction in the near future due to habitat fragmentation and other excessive human impact in the cross-border region. This species is mainly distributed in the cross-border areas (Stranjha mountains and its surroundings) representing zonal biological richness. As a result of the studies, conservation programme and action plan for protection of the spieces will be developed. It is expected that results of the project will force local authorities in the cross-border area to take some measures to protect the species and also carry out specific collaborative conservation programmes in the region in the short run. Turkish and Bulgarian experts scientists will carry out joint field work and they share technical information and experiences. Joint staff training of both partners will be carried out regarding conservation biology of European red wood ants. Moreover, web page/success book, movie, press activities and joint workshops/training with the participation of relevant university departments, NGOs, locals and local authorities will influence the whole cross-border territory and target groups from the respective areas. In addition, leaflets, communication tools, success book and face to face cotact with locals during the field studies will provide significant contribution for the protection of European red wood ants, which will bring significant cross-border impact on the biodivirsity state in the target regions. The project will contribute to the partners expertise as well and will upgrade their capacity to implement joint cross-border projects.

Red wood ants are "keystone species" that they have large impacts on the ecosystem they live. They effect the health of the forest by feeding on various pests and invertebrates, and therefore they are used as biological control agent against harmful insects. Target region of Strandja ranges 70km. along the southeastern Bulgaria and European part of Turkey. European red wood ants are mainly distributed at CB areas of Strandja mountains. This species has an extra significance for Turkey since they do not live in Anatolia and exclusive to Thrace region of Turkey. European red wood ants are listed in IUCN red list and "critically endangered" in Turkish National red List. Recent reports indicate that their number of nests has drastically declined in Balkan Peninsula due to excessive antropogenic impact. They are under very serious threats because of intensive antropogenic activities such as mining, stone quarries etc. in the cross-border region. Furthermore, since their response to changes in the environment may provide representative information, red wood ants can also be used for site assessment and monitoring studies, and for nature conservation. Therefore, there is a need to clarify their nest ecology, nest distributions and main threats on the species. On the other hand, Strandja mountains are covered mainly by oak forests and these forests have been heavily destroyed by Lymantria dispar caterpillars (European Gypsy Moth). Since European red wood ants are predators and good biological control agents on this destructive moth, protection and nest transplantation activities of red wood ants seems essential to prevent damages in the forests along the CB areas, i.e. Strannjha mountains and its surroundings. Excessive use of the region's for human activities (especially mining, quarries etc.) is a weakness of the target region, and many of local people are unaware of impending danger.

Therefore, regarding these issues, our main strategies are;

1) to elucidate nest inventory, nest ecology and distributional patterns of European red wood ants, and also determine threats order to obtain basic data for future monitoring/conservation programme in both regions,

2) to train target groups (NGO's delegates, local public authorities and locals) by workshops/training programmes in order to raise public awareness,

3) to encourage Turkish and Bulgarian scientists to carry out future collabarative work and also share technical information and experiences.

Vision in Ants: Color vision and Shape/Pattern Vision

Ants are one of the fascinating organisms researchers used to study their diversity of sensory modalities, one of which is “vision”. Our group mainly focuses on colour perception, learning and discrimination abilities of ants. The results we obtained from different ant species representing different subfamilies showed that a dichromatic color vision system operating with UV and green sensitive photoreceptors might be common in ants. Another finding we reported for the first time in scientific literature is that workers of the ant species Formica cunicularia and Cataglyphis aenescens can discriminate between similar colours (hue discrimination), an ability similar to that of humans. Another, but not the last, important finding of our results is that the species we tested so far have a long wavelength sensitivity (red vision) to some degrees which is not common for insects.

Ant eyes show various optical and anatomical adaptations providing day active species a high resolved vision and crepuscular/night active species more light sensitivity. Our experiments on the diurnal active species F. cunicularia and the crepuscular/nocturnal active species C. aethiops revealed that the eye parameters of each species were designed to meet the needs of their visual priorities depending on the time of the day they are active. The results also showed that eye parameters greatly affected their performances in visual learning and discrimination tasks; F. cunicularia have compound eyes with a better resolution but C. aethiops have eyes sacrificing resolution but allowing activity even in dim light conditions.    

Aggression in Ants

One of the most important characteristics of ant colonies is their chemical based communication system used for different purposes. Ants recognize their nestmates through chemical cues based on cuticular hydrocarbons and show different levels of aggression towards non-nestmates. This nestmate recognition is of paramount importance for maintenance of the colonial stability. One of the studies our group performs focuses on determination of aggression levels between different F. pratensis colonies and revealing environmental and genetic factors affecting aggression in this species. Our results showed that workers are very aggressive even towards neighboring colonies in nature but the level of aggression significantly drops in laboratory conditions. The ongoing RAPD-PCR and 28S rRNA analysis will shed light on the genetic basis of this increased aggression level in nature, particularly between neighboring colonies.

Research Group

Prof. Dr. Yılmaz ÇAMLITEPE 
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Volkan AKSOY
Cansu DUMLU

PhD Graduates

Dr. Ayşe Yılmaz
Dr. Neslihan ÜREN

PhD Candidates

Cansu DUMLU
Serhat Emin ALACALI

Master's Degree Graduates

Suna Cengiz
Sevil SARI
Serhat Emin ALACALI 
Mesut BAŞIBÖYÜK 
Onur Ediz 
Ece ZAİMOĞLU
Sultan Ebru BİLGİÇ
Mine KAFALI
Zafer ŞAKACI
Özge GEMİK
İrem SOYAKÇA
Kubilay DUYMAZ

Master's Degree Candidates

Özgür MERT

Master Thesis

Volkan AKSOY: A preliminary investigation on kinesthetic orientation in ants (2002) 

Neslihan ÜREN: Colour vision in Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2003) 

Ayşe YILMAZ: Pattern recognition in ants (2004) 

Suna CENGİZ: Behavioral analysis of colour vision and fine colour discrimination in the ant Lasius alienus (Foerster, 1850) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2011). 

Sevil SARI: Determination of food sources, daily activity rhytms and the effect of abiotic factors on the rhytms in two ant species Camponotus aethiops and Formica cunicularia (2013). 

Serhat Emin ALACALI: Responses to different carbohydrate compounds of two ant species Camponotus aethiops and Formica cunicularia (2013). 

Mesut AŞIBÖYÜK: Intraspesific agression in the ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2014).

Onur EDİZ: Determination of genetic relatedness in the European red wood ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) using RAPD PCR techniques

Zafer ŞAKACI: Investigation of mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae) species with vectorial importance in the Central district of Edirne (2018).

İrem SOYAKÇA: An experimental approach on solution strategies used in behavioral game theory

Özge GEMİK: Annual monitoring programme and determination of habitat destruction of European red wood ants Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Yıldız (Strandja) Mountains

PhD Thesis 

Volkan AKSOY: Spectral sensitivity, spectral learning and discrimination in the ant Formica cunicularia Latr. 1798 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2007).

Neslihan ÜREN: Behavioural analysis of achromatic and chromatic properties of color vision in the ant Tetramorium caespitum (Linne:1758) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2009). 

Ayşe YILMAZ: Comparative behavioral analysis of visual orientations and spectral sensitivities of two crepuscular and diurnal active ant species (Camponotus aethiops, Formica cunicularia; Formicidae: Hymenoptera) (2012).

Selected Publications;

1- Camlitepe, Y. & Aksoy, V. (2019). Distribution and Conservation Status of the European Red Wood Ant Species Formica pratensis Retzius, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in (European) Turkey. Journal of the Entomological Research Society. 21(2), 199-211. 

2- Herbert C. Wagner, Celal Karaman, Volkan Aksoy & Kadri Kiran (2018). A mixed colony of Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927 and the putative social parasite Tetramorium aspina sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). MYrmecological News, 28: 25-33

3- Aksoy V, Camlitepe Y. (2018) Spectral sensitivities of ants – a review. Animal Biology.68 (1): 55-73 

4- Aksoy V, Camlitepe Y. (2018). Effects of genetic relatedness, spatial distance and context on intraspecific aggression in the red wood ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42: 297-306

5- Karaman, C., Kiran, K., Aksoy, V., Çamlıtepe, Y. (2017). A new species of the genus Camponotus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41: 998-1004.

6- Kıran, K., Karaman, C., Albena, L-G. & Aksoy, V. (2017) Two new species of the "ultimate" parasitic ant genus Teleutomyrmex KUTTER, 1950 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Western Palaearctic. Myrmecological News, 25, 145-155. 

7- Karaman, C., Kiran, K., Aksoy, V. & Camlitepe, Y. (2015) First Record of The South European Rare Parasitic Ant Species Camponotus universitatis Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Asia. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 17, 45-49.

 8- Aksoy V, Çamlıtepe Y (2014). A behavioral analysis of achromatic cue perception by the ant Cataglyphis aenescens (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38; 199-208.

9- Aksoy V (2014). Experience Based Use of Landmark and Vector Based Orientation During Homing by the Ant Formica cunicularia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 27; 357-369. doi: 10.1007/s10905-013-9432-2.

10- Yilmaz, A., Aksoy, V., Camlitepe, Y. Giurfa, M. (2014). Eye structure, activity rhythms and visually-driven behavior are tuned to visual niche in ants. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8;1-9. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00205.

11-  Aksoy, V. and Camlitepe, Y. (2012). Behavioural analysis of chromatic and achromatic vision in the ant Formica cunicularia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vision Research, 67; 28-36. 

12-  Camlitepe, Y and Aksoy, V. (2010). First evidence of fine colour discrimination ability in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). The Journal of Experimental Biology, 213; 72-77. 

13- Aksoy, V., Camlitepe, Y. (2005). Use of idiothetic information for left/right turning memory by the ant Formica pratensis. Biologia, Vol. 60, No.2 

14- Camlitepe, Y., Aksoy, V., Uren, N., Yilmaz, A., Becenen, I. (2005). An experimental analysis on the magnetic field sensitivity of the black-meadow ant Formica pratensis Retzius (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Acta Biologica Hungarica, Vol. 56, No. 3 (3-4). 

15- Camlitepe, Y., Stradling, D.J. (1995) Wood ants orient to magnetic fields. P Roy Soc Lond B Bio, 261, 37-41. 

16- Camlitepe, Y., Stradling, D.J. (1998) Do red wood ants use group specific pheromones for route fidelity? A Preliminary Survey. Biologia, Vol. 53, No.5. 

17- Camlitepe, Y. (1999) Trail following responses of the red wood ant F. rufa in Darkness. Israel J. Zool, Vol. 45, pp.231-238. 

Selected International Conference Proceedings and Presentations; 

1- Aksoy, V. & Çamlıtepe, Y. (2017). Determinants of Intraspecific Aggression of the European Red Wood Ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) in Turkish Thrace. VIII. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, 4-7 October 2017, Çanakkale.

2- Çamlıtepe, Y. & Aksoy, V. Some Notes on Nesting Ecology of the European Red Wood Ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) in Turkish Thrace. VIII. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, 4-7 October 2017, Çanakkale. 

3- Çamlıtepe, Y. & Aksoy, V. (2017) Updated nest numbers and nest features of Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Edirne. VIII. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS SYMPOSIUM. 4-7 October 2017, Çanakkale. 

4- Sahza Turkovic, Volkan Aksoy, Yılmaz Çamlıtepe (2017). İnsanda Renk Tonu Ayırımı Hassasiyeti ve Etki Eden Faktörler; Deneysel Bir Yaklaşım (Poster Bildiri). XIII. Congress of Ecology and Environment with international participation, UKECEK 2017, 12-15 Eylül, Edirne. 

5- Mine Kafalı, Yılmaz Çamlıtepe, Volkan Aksoy (2017) Karıncalarda Ağır Metal Birikimi Üzerine Bir Ön Çalışma (Sözlü Bildiri). XIII. Congress of Ecology and Environment with international participation, UKECEK 2017, 12-15 Eylül, Edirne. 

6- Karaman, C., Kiran, K., Aksoy, V., Camlitepe, Y. (2013) First record of the south European rare parasitic ant species Camponotus universitatis Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Asia, p. 83. In: 5th Central European Workshop of Myrmecology. Schlick-Steiner, B., Arthofer, W. & Steiner, F.M. (eds.), Innsbruck-Austria

7- Camlitepe, Y., Aksoy, V. (2002) How do ants use idiothetic information: an experimental analysis on the black-meadow ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). VII.European Congress of Entomology, 7-13 October, 2002, Thessaloniki, Greece. Oral presentation.

8- Aktaç, N., Çamlıtepe, Y., Aras, A., Kiran, K. (1998) A comparative study on the distribution of Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in Turkish Thrace and Anatolia. II. International Congress on Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna. Bioecco2, 15-20 Sept.l 1998, Ohrid, Macedonia. Oral presentation. 

9- Camlitepe, Y. (1996) A Preliminary Work On the Putative Group Specific Pheromones In Ants. XX. International Congress of Entomology. 25-31 August 1996, Firenze, Italy, Oral presentaion. 

10- Camlitepe, Y., Stradling, D.J. (1994) Magnetic sensitivity in ants. XII.Congress of the International Union for the study of Social Insects, IUSSI. Sorbonne Univ., 21-27 August 1994 Paris, France. Oral presentation. 

Selected National Conference Proceedings and Presentations; 

1- Utku Güner, Volkan Aksoy (2013). Sublethal dozlarda kadmiyuma maruz bırakılan sivrisinek balıklarında [Gambusia affinalis (Baird & Girard, 1853)] davranış değişimleri. Ekoloji 2013 Sempozyumu, 02-04 Mayıs, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ.

2- Yılmaz Çamlıtepe, Volkan Aksoy (2014). Edirne Tür Eylem Planı Avrupa Kırmızı Orman Karıncası (Formica  pratensis). Göçmen Kuşlar ve Nesli Tehlike Altındaki Türlerin Eylem Planı Stratejisi Çalıştayı ve Dünya Sulak Alanlar Günü. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, 2-4 Şubat 2014, Ankara.

3- Yılmaz Çamlıtepe, Volkan Aksoy (2014). “Avrupa Kırmızı Orman Karıncası Edirne Tür Eylem Planı”. 3. Biyoçeşitlilik Sempozyumu,  Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü, 22-23 Mayıs 2014, Kocaeli.

4- Aksoy, V., Yılmaz, A. ve Çamlıtepe, Y. “Formica cunicularia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Karıncalarında Görsel Bilgi Kullanımına Dayalı Oriyentasyon”, 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03-07 Eylül, İzmir (2012). Sözel sunum. 

5- Çamlıtepe, Y., Yılmaz, A., Aksoy, V. ve Giurfa, M. “Karıncalarda Günlük Aktivasyon Ritimleri ile Bileşik Gözlerin Çözünürlük Gücü ve Duyarlılık Kapasitesi Arasındaki İlişki”, 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03-07 Eylül, İzmir (2012). Sözel sunum. 

6- Yılmaz, A., Aksoy, V., Çamlıtepe, Y. ve Giurfa, M. “Krepeskular ve Diurnal Aktivite Gösteren İki Karınca Türünde Spektral Duyarlılığın Karşılaştırmalı Davranışsal Analizi”, 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03-07 Eylül, İzmir (2012). Sözel sunum. 

7- Utku Güner , Yılmaz Çamlıtepe, Kadri Kıran ve Volkan Aksoy, “Karıncaların Ağır Metal Kirliğinin Gösterilmesinde Kullanılması, X. Ulusal Ekoloji ve Çevre Kongresi, Çanakkale, 04-07 Ekim 2011. Poster sunumu. 

8- Üren, N., Çamlıtepe, Y. (2008) Kaldırım karıncası Tetramorium caespitum’da Işık Şiddeti Eşik Değeri ve Işık Şiddeti Ayırımı. XIX. Ulusal Biyoloji kongresi, 23-27 Haziran 2008, KTÜ, Trabzon. Sözel sunum. 

9- Aksoy, V., Çamlıtepe.Y. (2008) Formica cunicularia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) işçileri renk tonu ayırımı yapabilirler mi? XIX. Ulusal Biyoloji kongresi, 23-27 Haziran 2008, KTÜ, Trabzon. Sözel sunum. 

10- Çamlıtepe, Y.,Aksoy,V.,Uren.N. (2008) Cataglyphis aenescens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) işçilerinde gerçek renkli görmenin davranışsal analizi. XIX. Ulusal Biyoloji kongresi, 23-27 Haziran 2008, KTÜ, Trabzon. Sözel sunum 

11- Çamlıtepe, Y., Aksoy, V., Üren, N., Türkoğlu, A.K., Yılmaz, A. (2006) Siyah sırtlı orman karıncası Formica pratensis (Hymenop.Formicidae) ‘de kırmızı dalga boyu duyarlılığı. XVIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 26-30 Haziran, Kuşadası, Aydın. Sözel sunum. 

12- Yılmaz, A., Çamlıtepe, Y., Aksoy, V. (2006) Formica pratensis’de (Hymenop. Formicidae) şekil ve model tanıma üzerine bir ön çalışma. XVIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 26-30 Haziran, Kuşadası, Aydın. Sözel sunum. 

13- Çamlıtepe, Y., Aksoy, V., Yılmaz, A., Üren, N., Becenen,İ. (2004). Formica pratensis’de (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) manyetik duyarlılık üzerine deneysel bir analiz. XVII Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 21-24 Haziran, Adana. 

14- Üren, N., Çamlıtepe, Y., Aksoy, V., Becenen,İ. (2004). Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)’de renkli görme ve renge bağlı besin kaynağı yönü seçimi. XVII Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 21-24 Haziran, Adana. 

15- Aksoy, V., Çamlıtepe,Y. (2002) Karıncalarda dönüş hafızası. XVI. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 4-7 Eylül, 2002, Malatya. Sözel sunum. 

16- Çamlıtepe, Y. (1996) Karıncalarda Manyetik Alan Duyarlılığı. XIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, İstanbul Univ., 17-20 Eylül 1996, Istanbul.Sözel sunum. 

Book chapters (translation)

1- Volkan Aksoy ve Yılmaz Çamlıtepe (2011) 4. Bölüm, Duyusal Sistemler ve Davranış, (Kitap; Böcekler: Entomolojinin Ana Hatları) Çeviri Editörü Ali GÖK, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 978-1-4443-3036-6, 580 sayfa, 4. baskıdan çeviri. (s 91-120).

2- Yılmaz Çamlıtepe ve Volkan Aksoy (2011) 12. Bölüm, Böcek Toplumları, (Kitap; Böcekler: Entomolojinin Ana Hatları) Çeviri Editörü Ali GÖK, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 978-1-4443-3036-6, 580 sayfa, 4. baskıdan çeviri. (s 307-337).

3- Yılmaz Çamlıtepe ve Volkan Aksoy (2013) 19. Bölüm, Lofoforatlar (Foronidler, Brakiopodlar, Bryozonlar) Ve Entoproktlar. (Kitap; Omurgasızlar Biyolojisi) Çeviri Editörü Mustafa Sözen, Nobel Yayıncılık, 978-605-133-427-1, 606 sayfa. 6. Baskıdan çeviri. (s 473-496).